EXPRESSION

EXPRESSION OF OFFERING SOMETHING AND THE RESPONSES (Ungkapan menawarkan sesuatu dan responnya)

# Untuk menawarkan bantuan dapat digunakan :
   - Can I help you ?
   - what can I do for you ?
   - Let me help you to .. ! 
   - May I ... ?
   - Can I ... ?
   - Shall I ... ?
   - would you like any help ?
   - Is there anything I can do ?
   - Do you want me to ... ?
   - Would you like ... ? 
Contoh kalimat :
   - May I carry this bag for you?
   - Shall I carry that suitcase for you?
  Responsnya :
   - Menerima tawaran (accepting) :
     Yes, please.
     Yes, please. I'd love some.
     I'd love to 
     That's very kind of you, thanks.
     That would be very nice.
   - Menolak tawaran (rejecting) :
     No, thanks.
     No, thanks. I've drunk a lot of water.
     I am not sure I can.
     Not this time, thanks.
     No, thanks. I can manage my self.
     It's OK. I can do it by my self.

Expressing Sympathy  (mengungkapkan rasa simpati)
# Bila mendengar berita sedih :
   That's awfull
   That's a pity!
   What a pity!
   How terrible!
   I'm sorry to hear that!
   I'm sorry to know that!
   Poor you!
   I express my condolence 
   You have my deepest sympathy
# Bila mendengar berita gembira :
   I'm glad to hear that!
   I'm pleased to hear that!
# Respons ketika seseorang menyatakan simpatinya kepada kita :
  thank you.
  That's very kind of you 

Expressing Pleasure and Displeasure (Mengungkapkan senang dan tidak senang)
1. Expressing Pleasure
    I'm very pleased with it.
    That's good news!
    That's great! 
    I'm really delighted.
2. Expressing Displeasure :
    I'm very annoyed.
    It's unpleasant for me.
    I'm very disappointed.

Expressing Certainty and Uncertainty (Mengungkapkan kepastian dan ketidakpastian)
1. Expressing Certainty :
    I'm sure about it.
    I'm really certain about it.
    No doubt.
    I'm absolutely certain about it.
    That's my conviction.
    I'm quite sure.
2. Expressing Uncertainty :
    I'm not sure about it.
    I'm not really sure.
    I'm not certain
    I can't say for certain
    I can't make up my mind
    I can't decide ....
    There is some doubt in my mind 

Expressing Agreement and Disagreement (Mengungkapkan persetujuan dan ketidaksetujuan)
1. Expressing Agreement :
    I agree.
    I quite agree.
    I think so.
    You're right.
    It's all right. 
    I approve.
    That's a good idea.
2. Expressing Disagreement :
    I don't agree.
    I disagree with you.
    I disagree, I'm afraid.
    That's wrong.
    I don't think so.
    I don't approve.
    I wouldn't say that.













   




























 





















 

MODALS

MODAL

A. May
1. Kata kerja bantu may untuk :
    a. Meminta izin, contoh: May I borrow your pen ?
    b. Mengekspresikan kemungkinan (untuk sekarang atau yang akan datang), contoh: It may rain this 
afternoon.
    c. Mempunyai arti semoga, contoh: May god  bless all of us
   
B. Should
Memahami atau mengungkapkan keharmonisan dan ketidakharmonisan.
1. Saran, contoh: You should study to night
2. Kepastian, contoh: she seems study hard for the test. she should do well in the test

C. Must
1. Keharusan, contoh: My father has come to pick me up. I must go now.
2. Larangan, contoh: You must not step on the grass.
3. Kepastian, contoh:  the door is open. he must be in now.

D. Will
1. Kehendak, contoh: She is so busy. I will help her to do her task.
2. Permintaan yang sopan, contoh: Will you please open the window?

E. Can
1. Kemampuan/ ketidakmampuan, contoh: I can swimm well.
2. Permintaan tidak resmi, contoh: Can I borrow your pen
3. Izin tidak resmi, contoh: You can use my phone
4. Kemungkinan/ketidakmungkinan, contoh: That's can't be true.











 
 

MACAM-MACAM TENSES

1. PRESENT TENSES
# Rumus:
(+)  S+V1(es/s)+O
(-)  S+Do/does+Not+V1+O
(?)  Do/does+S+V1+O
# Example:
1. (+) He writes a letter every month
    (-) He doesn’t writes a letter every month
    (?) Does he writes a letter every month?
2. (+) She teaches English every week
    (-) She doesn’t teaches English every week
    (?) Does she teaches English every week?
3.(+) They studys matematic every day
   (- ) They don’t studys matematic every day
   (?) Do they studys matematic every day?

2. PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+V.ing+O
(-)  S+do/does+not+V1+O
(?)  Do/does +S+V1+O
# Example:
1. (+) I am teaching English at the first grade of SMK cantik
    (-) I am not teaching English at the first grade of SMK cantik
    (?) Am I teaching Englidh at the first grade of SMK cantik ?
2. (+) you are writing present continous now
    (-) you are not writing present continous now
    (?) are you writing present continous now?
3. (+) we are learning tenses now
    (-) we are not learning tenses now
    (?) are we learning tenses now?

3. PAST TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+V2+O
(-) S+Did not+V2+O
(?) Did+S+V2+O

# Example:
1. (+) Sarah invite me last week
    (-) Sarah did not invite last week
    (?) Did Sarah invite last week?
2. (+) I went to Jakarta yesterday
    (-) I went not to Jakarta yesterday
    (?) went I to Jakarta yesterday?
3. (+) You watch tv last week
    (-) You did not watch tv last week
    (?) Did you watch tv last week?

4. PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+was/were+vVing+O
(-) S+was/were+not+v.ing+o
(?) was/were+S+v.ing+o
# Examp;e:
1. (+)The third year student were sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday
    (-) The third year student were not sitting behind the teacher’s now yesrterday
    (?) Were the third year student sitting behind the teacher’s now yesterday?
2. (+) He was playing football yesterday
    (-) He was not playing football yesterday
    (?) was he playing football yesterday?
3. (+) They were working in the office yesterday
    (-) They were not working in the office yesterday
    (?) Were they working in the office yesterday?

5.SIMPLE FUTURE TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+shall+/will+V1+O
(-) S+shall/will+not+V1+O
(?) Shall/will+S+V1+O
# Example:
1. (+) He will go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning
(-) He will not go to Pasir Panjang tomorrow morning
(?) Will he go to pasir Panjang tomorrow morning?
2. (+) I shall study hard next mounth
(-) I shall not study hard next mounth
(?) Shall I study hard next mounth?
3. (+) I am go to Singkawang tomorrow
     (-) I am not go to Singkawang tomorrow
    (?) Am I ga to Sngkawang tomorrow?

6. PAST FUTURE TENSES
Rumus:
(+) S+should/would+V1+O
(-) S+should/would+not+V1+O
(?) Should/would+S+V1+O
# Example:
1. (+) I should go to Mojosari next day
    (-) I should not go to Mojosari next day
    (?) Should I go to Mojosari next day?
2. (+) He would by a car the day before
    (-) He would not by a car the day before
    (?) Would He by a car the day before?
3. (+) He would come if you invited him
    (-) He would not come if you invited him
    (?) Would he come if you invited him?

7. PRESENT PERFECT TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+have/has+V3+O
(-) S+have/has+not+V3+O
(?) Have/has+S+V3+O

# Example:
1. (+) We have learned English for two years
    (-) We have not learned English for two years
    (?) Have we learned English for two years?
2. (+) She has taught English since 1988
    (-) She has not taught English since 1988
    (?) Has she taught English since 1988?
3. (+) He has been to Jakarta before
    (-) He has not been to Jakarta before
    (?) Has he been to Jakarta before?

8.PAST PERFECT TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+had+V3+O
(-) S+had not+V3+o
(?) Had+S+V3+O
# Example:
1. (+) The train had left before I arrived
    (-) The train had not left before I arrived
    (?) Had the train left before I arrived?
2. (+) I had copied the lesson before she come home
    (-) I had not copied the lesson before she come home
    (?) Had I copied the lesson before she come home?
3. (+) I had come home before I week three
    (-) I had not come home before I week three
    (?) Had I come home before I week three?

9.FUTURE CONTINOUS TENSES
# Rumus :

(+) S+shall/will+be+Ving+O
(-) S+shall/will+not+be+Ving+O
(?) Shall/will+S+be+ving+O
# Example:
1. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this station at four
    (-) I shall not be waiting for you in this station at four
    (?) Shall I be waiting for you in this station at four?
2. (+) I shall be studying at this time tomorrow
    (-) I shall not be studying at this time tomorrow
    (?) Shall I be studying at this time tomorrow?
3. (+) I shall be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening
    (-) I shall not be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening
    (?) Shall I be waiting for you in this airport at three o’clock tomorrow evening?

10.PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+have/has+been+Ving+O
(-) S+have/has+not+been+Ving+O
(?) Have/has+S+been+Ving+O

# Example:
1. (+) I have been going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002
    (-) I have not going to Painting Samudra for my holiday since 2002
    (?) Have I going to Pantai Samudra for my holiday since 2002?
2. (+) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003
    (-) Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak has not been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003
    (?) Has Mr.Burhanudin Simanjuntak been teaching at SMK 2 MEI since 2003?
3. (+) She has been painting every day for a long time
    (-) She has not painting every day for a long time
    (?) Has she painting every day or along time?

11.PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+had+been+vVng+O
(-) S+had+not+been+Ving+O

(?) Had+s+been+ving+o
# Example:
1. (+) Dodi had been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her
    (-) Dodi had not been looking for the girl for a year before heapplied her
    (?) Had Dodi been looking for the girl for a year before he applied her?
2. (+) I had been playing a football when they came
    (-) I had not been playing a football when they came
    (?) Had I been playing a football when they came?
3. (+) She had been cooking a vegetable when he came
    (-) She had not been cooking a vegetable when he came
    (?) had she been cooking a vegetable when he came?

12.FUTURE PERFECT TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+will/shall+have+V3+O
(-) S+will/shall+not+have+V3+O
(?) Will/shall+S+have+V3+O
# Example:
1. (+) She will have written his lesson by time he go out
    (-) She will not have written his lesson by time he go out
    (?) Will she have written his lesson by time he go out?
2. (+) The game will finished by the time he get three
    (-) The game will not finished by the time he get three
    (?) Will the game finished by the time he get three?
3. (+) I shall have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow
    (-) I shall not have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow
    (?) Shall I have written a letter by eight o’clock tomorrow?

13.FUTURE PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+shall/will+have+been+Ving+O
(-) S+shall+will+not+have+been+Ving+O
(?) Shall/will+S+have+been+Ving+O
# Example:
1. (+) I shall have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow
    (-) I shall not have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow
    (?) Shall I have been writing a letter at this time tomorrow?
2. (+) By next fast day I shall have been teaching here six mounths
    (-) By next fast day I shall not have been teaching here six mounths
    (?) By next fast day shall I have been teaching here six mounths?
3. (+) Next moon Hevy will have been studying here for two years
    (-) Next moon Hevy will not have been studying here for two years
    (?) Next moon will Hevy have been studying here for two years?

14.FUTURE PAST CONTINOUS TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+should/would+be+Ving+O
(-) S+should/would+not+be+V.ing+O
(?) Should/would+S+be+V.ing+O
# Example:
1. (+) I should be finishing this home work at this time following week
    (-) I should not be finishing this home work at this time following week
    (?) Should I be finishing this home work at this time following week?
2. (+) We should be going to beach the following week
    (-) We should not be going to beach the following week
    (?) Should we be going to beach the following week?
3. (+) He would be flag ceremony at this time the following day
    (-) He would not be flag ceremony at this time the following day
    (?) Would he be flag ceremony at this time the following day?

15.FUTURE PAST PERFECT TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+should/would+have+V2+O
(-) S+should/would+not+have+V2+O
(?) Should/would+S+not+have+V2+O
# Example:
1. (+) I should have paif if I had come here
    (-) I should not have paif if I had come here
    (?) Should I have paif if I had come here?
2. (+) He would have sucses if he had worked here
    (-) He would not have sucses if he had worked here
    (?) Would he have sucses if he had worked here?
3. (+) She would have graduated if she had studied hard
    (-) She would not have graduated if she had studied hard
    (?) Would she have graduated if she had studied hard?

16. FUTURE PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS TENSES
# Rumus:
(+) S+should/would+have+been+V.ing+O
(-) S+should/would+not+have+been+V.ing+O
(?) Should/would+S+have+been+V.ing+O
# Example:
1. (+) By last Febuary I should have been working this restaurant for one year
     (-) By last Febuary I should not have been working this restaurant for one year
     (?) should by last Febuary I have been working this restaurant for one year?
2. (+) By last July we should have been studying this school for three years
    (-) By last July we should not have been studying this school for three year
    (?) Should by last July we have been studying this school for three years?
3. (+) By last fast day he would have been living this apartement for five years
    (-) By last fast day he would not have been living this apartement for five years
    (?) Would by last fast day he have been living this apartement for five years?

MAKALAH PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

A.               Latar Belakang

Bahasa Inggris adalah bahasa Internasional. Dengan menguasai bahasa Inggris dengan baik, maka kita akan dapat berkomunikasi dengan bangsa-bangsa lain di dunia ini. Di samping itu, kita pun akan dapat menambah wawasan dan ilmu pengetahuan kita demi kemajuan bangsa dan negara kita, karena kita akan dapat membaca literatur-literatur bahasa Inggris, mendengarkan siaran-siaran radio luar negeri, serta menontong film-film ilmu pengetahuan yang lainnya. Dengan demikian, pada akhirnya kita dapat menguasai pengetahuan-pengetahuan di segala bidang.

B.               Identifikasi Masalah

Dalam tulisan ini kami simpulkan beberapa yang akan kami bahas, yaitu:

1.      Apa yang dimaksud Present Perfect Continuous Tense ?

2.      Bagaimana penggunaan Present Perfect Continuous Tense, seperti apa rumusnya, pembagiannya serta contohnya?

3.      Bagaimana contoh soal menggunakan present perfect continuous tense ?

C.               Tujuan

Dari identifikasi masalah di atas, maka penulis tentunya bertujuan untuk menjelaskan atau memaparkan point-point tersebut, sesuai dengan pengetahuan yang kami peroleh, baik dari buku sumber maupun dari guru-guru kami. Semoga semuanya memberikan manfaat bagi kita. Bila ada kesalahan tulisan atau kata-kata di dalam makalah ini, penulis mohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya.

Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Menyatakan suatu kejadian, peristiwa dan sebagainya, yang SUDAH terjadi dan MASIH berlangsung bahkan sangat mungkin AKAN berlanjut. Dari dulu hingga kini bahkan nanti. Kata “sudah” atau “dari dulu” disini bisa saja waktunya kemarin, 2 jam lalu, se-abad lalu, bisa juga beberapa menit yang lalu. Intinya kejadian yang hendak diungkapkan dalam Present Pefect Continuous Tense ini sebenarnya mirip dengan Present Continuous Tense, hanya saja penekannya bukan pada saat ini, melainkan pada periode waktunya tadi itu: sudah, masih dan akan terjadi.

Misalnya:

·         She has been learning english for 3 years

·         I have been teaching english since last year

·         They have been touring since yesterday

Semua kata yang digaris bawahi menunjukkan pada kita bahwa semua pekerjaan dan kegiatan itu masih berlangsung, dan bahkan mungkin akan berlanjut lagi di masa kemudian.

  Penggunaan Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Kita menggunakan Present Perfect Continous ketika kita menemui kondisi dimana suatu kejadian yang telah lama terjadi dan baru saja berhenti. Contoh kondisinya adalah seperti ini:

Mira bertanya kepada Sinta kenapa jalanan basah ?.

·         Mira: Shinta, the road is wet do you know why?

·         Shinta: It has been raining Mira.

It has been raining adalah kalimat Present Perfect Continous. Shinta menjelaskan bahwa sebelumnya telah terjadi hujan. Kalimat-kalimat Present Perfect Continous selalu berhubungan dengan kondisi sekarang ini. Perhatikan kalimat-kalimat berikut:

·         Jamie is very tired. He has been working very hard. (He is tired now)

·         You are bleeding. What have you been doing? (you are bleeding now)

·         She has been talking to Ira about the plan. Ira is telling everyone now.

Rumus

Positif	: Subject + have/has + been + Ving
Negatif	: S + have/has + not + been + Ving
Interrogative	: Have/has + S + been + Ving

Contoh-contoh:

·         (+)   We have been discussing the problem for several hours.

·         (-)    She has not been learning english for 3 years.

·         (?)    Has She been learning english for 3 years?.

  Pengkombinasian Presen Perfect Continuous Tense

Untuk menjelaskan kejadian yang berlangsung sejak tadi dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang, kita dapat mengkombinasikannya dengan how long, for dan since.

Contoh kalimat:

·         How long have you been watching this movie? (You’re still watching the movie)

·         Where is Joni? I have been looking for him for the last three hours (You’re still looking for Joni)

·         Every Sunday he practices swimming at Ragunan. He has been swimming since he was five (He still practices swimming)

Kalimat terakhir juga menunjukkan sesuatu yang dikerjakan berulang-ulang dalam rentang waktu tertentu.

  Perbandingan Present Perfect Continous dengan Present Continous

Mari kita perhatikan keenam kalimat berikut:

1.      Present Continous

·         Fahmi, please answer the phone. I am cooking now.

·         Lets go to that house, it is raining.

·         Ben, we are waiting for you please hurry.

2.      Present Perfect Continous

·         I have been cooking for three hours, now I’m to going to watch tv

·         The road is wet. It has been raining

·         We have been waiting for two hours, now let’s get going

Pada present continous tense seluruh kalimat menunjukkan kondisi pada saat sekarang. Sedangkan pada present perfect continous, kalimat dibagi menjadi dua bagian yaitu bagian yang berada pada saat sekarang dan saat lampau.

Ciri-ciri waktu yang biasa dipakai Present Perfect Continuous Tense adalah sama seperti pada Present Perfect. Misalnya: since, for dll. Tenses ini adalah untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang telah sedang dilaksanakan.

Rumusnya:

S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V3

Contoh: Amirul has been studying for this campus for two years.

1.     Pola kalimat positif yang digunakan adalah :

A.    Untuk subyek I, We, You, They

Subyek + have + been +V1 + ing

B.     Untuk subyek He, She, It :

Subyek + has+ been +V1 + ing

Contoh :
- She has been studying for three hours.
  (Dia telah belajar selama tiga jam.)
  (Dia telah belajar dua jam yang lalu dan sekarang masih belajar.)
- We have been living here since 2003.
  (Kami telah tinggal disini sejak tahun 2003.)
  (Kami telah tinggal disini sejak tahun 2003 yang lalu dan sekarang masih tinggal disini.)

2.      Pola kalimat negatif yang digunakan adalah :

A.    Untuk subyek I, We, You, They 

Subyek + have + not + been +V1 + ing

B.     Untuk subyek He, She, It :

Subyek + has+ not + been +V1 + ing

Contoh :
- She has not been studying for three hours.
  (Dia sudah tidak  belajar selama tiga jam.)
- We have not been living here since 2003.
  (Kami sudah tidak tinggal disini sejak tahun 2003.)
 

3.      Pola kalimat interrogative yang digunakan adalah :

A.    Untuk subyek I, We, You, They 

Have + Subyek + been +V1 + ing ?

B.     Untuk subyek He, She, It :

Has + Subyek + been +V1 + ing ?

Contoh :
- Has she been studying for three hours?
  (Apakah dia telah belajar selama tiga jam?)  
- Have we been living here since 2003?
  (Apakah kami telah tinggal disini sejak tahun 2003?)

Apabila dalam kalimat interrogative dalam bentuk waktu ini  menggunakan kata interrogative atau question word atau QW, maka pola kalimat yang digunakan adalah :

1.      Apabila kata interrogative yang digunakan tidak menanyakan subyek, maka pola kalimat tanyanya adalah :

A.    Untuk subyek I, We, You, They :

QW + have + Subyek + been + V1 + ing?

B.     Untuk subyek He, She, It :

QW + has + Subyek + been + V1 + ing?

Contoh :
- What have you been doing since six o'clock?
  (Apa yang telah kamu lakukan sejak jam enam?)
- How long she has been living here?
  (Berapa lama dia tinggal disini?)

2.      Apabila kata tanya yang digunakan menanyakan subyek, maka pola kalimat tanyanya :

Question Word + has + been + V1 + ing ?

Contoh :
- Who has been hunting in the forest?
  (Siapa yang telah berburu di hutan?)

 Pada umumnya kalimat dalam bentuk Present Perfect Continuous digunakan untuk :
a. Menyatakan bahwa perbuatan atau peristiwa itu telah terjadi di masa lampau dan masih terjadi hingga saat ini serta pada waktu yang akan datang.
Contoh :
- I have been working here for nine years.
  (Saya sudah bekerja disini selama sembilan tahun.)

b. Untuk menyatakan kegiatan atau peristiwa tetapi disini hanya ditekankan pada kelangsungan kegiatan tersebut pada waktu tertentu (meskipun saat ini kegiatan atau peristiwa tersebut tidak terjadi.)

Contoh :
- She has been waiting for hours today.
  ( Dia telah menunggu selama berjam-jam hari ini.)
- I never gone to Bandung.
  (Saya belum pernah pergi ke Bandung.)
Contoh keterangan waktu yang digunakan :

1.      since... = sejak
since July 2013 = sejak bulan Juli 2013

2.      recently = baru-baru ini

3.      for... = selama

4.      the whole days = sepanjang hari ini

5.      still = masih

6.      anymore = tidak lagi

7.      long = lama

8.      for ten years = selama sepuluh tahun

Example :

1.      +     I have played futsal

-           I have not played futsal

?     Haye you played futsal ?

2.      +    Hilda has bought a laptop

-          Hilda has not bought a laptop

?     Has Hilda bought a laptop ?

3.      +    He has cleaned this room

-          He has not cleaned this room

?     Has he cleaned this room ?

4.      +    Agung has lived in Makassar since 1998

-          Agung has not lived in Makassar since 1998

?     Has agung lived in makassar since 1998 ?

5.      +    I have read a book

-          I have not read a book

?    Have you read a book ?

It … hard.

a.       Has just been raining

b.      Have just been raining

They … anything for the past hour.

a.       Hasn’t been doing

b.      Haven’t been doing

... here for over two hours ?

a.       Does she has been waiting

b.      Has she been waiting

Your letter ... by my boss

a.       Has been reading

b.      Has been being read